Biodiversity

Biodiversity Biodiversity As of late, nature has been confronting a great deal of difficulties coming about because of the expanded human exercises, for example, cultivating and development of the foundations. These exercises have prompted the imbalanced environment. The naturalists have kept on fomenting for the requirement for people to comprehend that the environment is in an exceptionally unique setting, which is made out of various sorts and classes of living things. These living things are either legitimately or by implication answerable for the endurance of one another, and it is, subsequently, significant that they all exist. This review tends to the different jobs of individuals in guaranteeing the conservation of the regions compromised by the human infringement. The adjusting of various natural concerns and the requirement for the U.S worldwide support in ecological protection is likewise talked about. As indicated by Narasaiah (2008), human infringement is the reversal of part of nature so useful exercises like cultivating and mining can be completed. It has since undermined certain locales of the earth, in this manner, prompting the requirement for individuals to take up dynamic jobs in teaching the remainder of the human populace on the significance of safeguarding the life of other living things. The advancement of ecological agreeable innovation ought to likewise be empowered, so exercises like mining and cultivating are done in a way not prone to meddle with the biological system. Likewise, the administrations and private associations should concoct assurance programs, which can help protect the areas compromised by human infringement. These may incorporate the definition of protection methodologies, for example, the production of professional flowerbeds, seed banks, and zoos. In addition, the legislatures ought to proclaim some human exercises like chopping down of trees unlawful whenever managed without lawful consent. The administration ought to likewise do distinguishing proof and assurance of the natural hotspots. That is, the species rich districts to be secured in order to help with keeping up the biological system at a parity. At last, individuals ought to be instructed to change their example concerning utilization and improvement exercises in order to decrease the degrees of natural demolition (Kearns, 2010). The issue of penetrating of oil in the Arctic has created a questionable discussion with a segment of researchers supporting it while others have underscored on its wrongdoing. Be that as it may, different researchers have thought of a bargaining position taking note of the requirement for the thought of both the drawn out financial contentions and the territory security contentions. They have in this way required the need of ecological neighborly techniques for boring as an undermined decision (Kearns, 2010). Narasaiah (2008) takes note of that numerous ecological protection bunches have come up to help in sparing the downpour backwoods. A portion of these gatherings are in the United States of America however they work globally. Indeed, however, numerous individuals have addressed why the U.S is keen on the ecological preservation, in different nations, note that all aspects of the universes biological system adds to the adjusting of the entire earths environment. Taking everything into account, note that a fair biological system benefits the entire living things on earth thus ought to be a duty of everybody.

The Constitution free essay sample

The manner in which the Constitution was composed, it was dubious thinking about subjection. On account of the Constitution being so obscure, this left states allowed to decipher the standards expressed in their own specific manner. The explanation of the essentials in the piece was to make a â€Å"more immaculate union† and put arrangements in it to abrogate a harsh government. From the South’s point of view, the North was imparting severe strategies. Clashes having to do with the Constitution isolating the association can go back to Polk’s administration, prompting the contentions from 1850 to 1861. At the point when war in the Northwest couldn't be maintained a strategic distance from, Polk focused on endeavors to guarantee the Southwest from Mexico. At the point when Polk neglected to guarantee the domain, he tested Mexican experts on the outskirt of Texas, inciting a Mexican assault on American soldiers. Polk at that point utilized the visitor assault to contend for an announcement of war. Congress conceded the announcement and in 1846 the Mexican-American War started. Abolitionists, to a great extent in the North however somewhere else too, expected that new states in the West would become slave states, consequently influencing the situation in Congress for proslavery powers. Rivals contended that Polk had incited Mexico into war in line with amazing slaveholders, and the possibility that a couple of slave proprietors had authority over the administration got well known. Those rich Southerners who supposedly were â€Å"pulling the strings† were alluded to as Slave Power by abolitionist. The destruction of Wilmot Proviso, a congressional bill restricting the augmentation of servitude into any domain picked up from Mexico, fortified those doubts. The disappointment of the stipulation prompted the arrangement of the Free-Soil Party, a provincial, single-issue party dedicated to the objectives of the Wilmot Proviso. Southerners felt that there ought to be no government limitations on the augmentation of bondage into the new domains. The different sides were becoming more remote separated and increasingly unbending in their assurance not to yield. From this, the Compromise of 1850 (Document A) came energetically to determine the war. It comprised of laws conceding California as a free state, making Utah and New Mexico domains with the topic of subjugation in each to be dictated by mainstream sway, settling a Texas-New Mexico limit contest in the formers favor, finishing the slave exchange Washington, D. C. , and making it simpler for Southerners to recoup outlaw slaves. From here on Northerners and Southerners start to build up their own translation of the Constitution, helping the hypothesis that a similar Constitution that should join the association turns into the motivation behind why it is breaking. For a considerable length of time, the association utilized trade offs to save the harmony in the country. All through the Compromise of 1850, there were still contentions having to do with having California and making it a slave state. During the Gold Rush, pilgrims had overflowed into California, and the crowded domain needed statehood. Californians had just drawn up a state constitution. That constitution denied subjugation, and obviously, the South restricted California’s offer for statehood. In any event, proslavery powers contended, southern California ought to be compelled to acknowledge subjection, as per the limit drawn by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Democrat Stephen Douglas and Whig Henry Clay concocted what they thought to be a serviceable arrangement, known as the Compromise of 1850 (Document A). The Compromise of 1850, what should be an answer because of the misinterpretations of the Constitution, was just including to the contention about free states versus slave states. Congressperson Henry Clay endeavored to end the antipathy by proposing a progression of measures that would adjust the interests of the free and slave states. He needed to concede California as a free state however compose the remainder of the southwestern domain without limitations on servitude; expect Texas to surrender its cases to parts of New Mexico, yet have the central government accept Texass pre addition obligation; cancel the slave exchange Washington, D. C. , yet affirm subjection in the capital; and fortify Congresss failure to direct the interstate slave exchange and sanction a more grounded outlaw slave law. The measures all passed simply because Senator Stephen A. Douglas broke them into their segment parts and set up an alternate greater part for every one. Since there had not been genuine understanding or bargain on the measures, the subject of bondage in the domains had been stayed away from just and not comprehended. Mud figured out how to sort out dominant parts to help every one of the segment bills, and in this manner guided the whole trade off through Congress. Together, the bills conceded California as a free state and established a more grounded criminal slave law. They additionally made the domains of Utah and New Mexico, yet left the status of servitude up to every region to choose just when it came time for each to compose its constitution, accordingly strengthening the idea of well known power. The Compromise of 1850 abrogated the slave exchange, not servitude itself, in Washington, D. C. Advocates of this arrangement contended that it was unethical to â€Å"buy and sell human tissue in the shadow of the nation’s capital. † After California, no new states would be admitted to the Union until 1858. Be that as it may, the combative status of new domains demonstrated progressively tricky. Pilgrims entering the Kansas and Nebraska domains found no settled common position. Congress likewise needed to fabricate railroads through the region, yet they required some type of government to force request, secure land, and administer development. Stephen Douglas tried to address these issues with the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. Nebraska lay north of the Missouri Compromise line and was therefore shut to servitude by the conditions of the 1820 Missouri Compromise. To pass the bill, Douglas needed to win the help of southern congressmen, a significant number of whom had no enthusiasm for helping a northern city win the railroad and would not like to help in the formation of another free state. To increase southern help, Douglas consented to cancel the Missouri Compromise and compose the Nebraska Territory as per the precept of well known power. This implied subjugation would get an opportunity to create in the zone, and it revived the issue of the development of subjection, which created scene in the North. The Kansas-Nebraska Act is the manner in which the southerners assaulted back at the northerners. As referenced in Document B, it infers that the southerners felt mistreated by the northerners as a result of all the free expresses the northerners had. From the mysterious Georgian in Document B he makes reference to how it is just unthinkable for any new State speaking to the Southern intrigue at any point to go to the association. Fundamentally, it was very hard for the south to get it their way. In light of the Constitution being dubious on bondage, Douglas felt it was all in all correct to start the Kansas-Nebraska and thus came political sectionalism and pressure ascending between the North and South. The Kansas-Nebraska Act additionally drove the last stake into the core of the Whig party. Abolitionist servitude Whigs, developing increasingly ardent about the issue and progressively persuaded that the national party could never take a solid stand, joined Northern Democrats and previous Free-Soil to shape another gathering, the Republicans. Despite the fact that not abolitionist, the Republicans were devoted to keeping subjugation out of the domains. It is obvious that the Free-Soilers got sides together with the Northern Democrats since they the Free-Soilers additionally had bondage â€Å"forced down their throat† simply like how the political outline in Document F portrayed it. There are more instances of political sectionalism with the Cotton Whigs and the Conscience Whigs. Cotton Whigs were discovered more in the South and were expert subjection dissimilar to the Conscience Whigs who were commonly found in the North and contradicted bondage. Political sectionalism can be found in the Dred Scott instance of 1857. Dred Scott was a slave who sued for his own and his familys opportunity in light of the fact that his lord had taken them to live first in a free state and afterward in a free domain. The Supreme Courts dominant part choice decided that Scott couldn't guarantee that his sacred rights had been damaged by his oppression in light of the fact that no dark individual, regardless of whether free or subjugated, was a resident. The decision likewise held that the laws of Scotts home territory of Missouri decided his status, that Congress couldn't preclude bondage in the regions, and that the Missouri Compromise was illegal. The choice hurt the Democrats by throwing questions on the adequacy of mainstream sway, the possibility that had held the northern and southern groups in the gathering together; if Congress couldn't boycott servitude; neither could a regional government, which was basically a making of Congress. The southerners not considering Dred Scott as a resident infuriated the northerners, making the hole between the North and South much bigger. In Document G it shows that the south ought to have the option to do what they needed and whenever cannot, at that point â€Å"the Constitution, to which all the states and gatherings, will have been disregarded by one part of them in an arrangement fundamental to the residential security and satisfaction of the rest of. † From the vibes of the administration at the present time, common war appears the most intelligent thing to happen from this. From distortion of the constitution to an up and coming common war, the association was genuinely breaking separated. Stoking the fire was John Brown’s attack on Harper’s Ferry in 1859. Earthy colored wanted to start a slave revolt however fizzled. After his execution, news spread that Brown had gotten money related sponsorship from Northern abolitionist associations. At the point when it came time for the Democrats to pick their 1860 presidential up-and-comer, their show split. Northern Democrats upheld Douglas; Southerners supported Jo

Initiative vs. Guilt Psychosocial Stage 3

Initiative vs. Guilt Psychosocial Stage 3 Theories Psychosocial Psychology Print Understanding Initiative vs. Guilt Stage 3 of Psychosocial Development By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on June 19, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on August 02, 2019 Psychosocial Development Overview Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Stagnation Integrity vs. Despair Initiative versus guilt is the  third stage  of  Erik Erikson’s  theory of  psychosocial development. This stage occurs  during the preschool years, between the ages of 3 and 5. During the initiative versus guilt stage, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction.?? Verywell / Nusha Ashjaee Lets take a closer look at some of the major events that take place at this stage of psychosocial development. Overview: Psychosocial Conflict: Initiative versus GuiltMajor Question: “Am I good or bad?”Basic Virtue: PurposeImportant Event(s): Exploration, Play A Closer Look at the Initiative vs. Guilt Stage According to Eriksons theory, the first two stages of childrens development are concerned with trust versus mistrust and autonomy versus shame and doubt. During these first two periods, the focus is on children forming a sense of trust in the world as well as feelings of independence and autonomy. Each of these foundational stages plays a role in the later stages that will follow.?? It is as children enter the preschool years that they begin the third stage of psychosocial development centered on initiative versus guilt. If they have successfully completed the earlier two stages, kids now have a sense that the world is trustworthy and that they are able to act independently. Now it is important for kids to learn that they can exert power over themselves and the world. They need to try things on their own and explore their own abilities. By doing this, they can develop ambition and direction.?? How Do Kids Develop Initiative? Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment by taking initiative by planning activities, accomplishing tasks and facing challenges. During this stage, it is important for caregivers to encourage exploration and to help children make appropriate choices. Caregivers who are discouraging or dismissive may cause children to feel ashamed of themselves and to become overly dependent upon the help of others.?? This stage can sometimes be frustrating for parents and caregivers as children begin to exercise more control over the things that impact their lives. Such decisions can range from the friends they play with, the activities they engage in, and the way that they approach different tasks. Parents and other adults might want to guide children toward certain friends, activities, or choices, but children might resist and insist on making their own choices. While this might lead to some conflicts with parental wishes at times, it is important to give kids a chance to make such choices. However, it is important that parents continue to enforce safe boundaries and encourage children to make good choices through the use of modeling and reinforcement.?? As you might guess, play and imagination take on an important role at this stage. Children have their sense of initiative reinforced by being given the freedom and encouragement to play. When efforts to engage in physical and imaginative play are stifled by caregivers, children begin to feel that their self-initiated efforts are a source of embarrassment.?? Children who are over-directed by adults may struggle to develop a sense of initiative and confidence in their own abilities. Success and Failure In Stage Four Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose, while failure results in a sense of guilt. What does Erikson mean by guilt? Essentially, kids who fail to develop a sense of initiative at this stage may emerge with a fear of trying new things. When they do direct efforts toward something, they may feel that they are doing something wrong. While mistakes are inevitable in life, kids with initiative will understand that mistakes happen and they just need to try again. Children who experience guilt will instead interpret mistakes as a sign of personal failure, and may be left with a sense that they are bad.?? Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority

The Top 12 Iowa Colleges and Universities

Billionaries - 1421 Words

Billionaires: We are all the same Billionaires: We are all the same The number of billionaires has risen to a record 1,645 billionaires with an aggregate net worth of $6.4 trillion according to Forbes Magazine (â€Å"Forbes Billionaires†). The year the United States is back at the top with Bill Gates as the richest man in the world, worth about $76 billion (â€Å"Forbes Billionaires†). It seems that even though the amount of billionaires has increased, there are people who still live in poverty. As reported by Forbes (2014), America’s wealth is shrinking because of falling home prices. Rises in home prices help the middle class; while the rise in stock prices help the rich. Wealth inequality has a negative and significant effect on†¦show more content†¦Gates also mentioned that these innovations will help with improving the world and jumpstart the economy. Bill Gates and Melinda Gates started to help the less fortunate and discovered that kids were dying every year over a treatable virus. Rotavirus was killing 600,000 children per year. They decided to pledge $750 million to help with the cost of a vaccine that would save thousands of children (Gates, 2009). These days middle class households are less likely to own homes. The gap between rich and poor has widened with the poor also helping each other (Forbes,2013) The wealthy owns most of the stock. Only 9.5% of middle class families own stock. Middle class income households depend on the rich household on the value of their homes (Forbes, 2013). With rising home prices, people tend to feel more financially secure and more willing to spend. On the other hand, there are also Billionaires that are for the people, such as Mark Zuckerberg(founder of Facebook) and his wife Priscilla Chan. They have given 25 million to the CDC to fight Ebola and gave $120 million to the Bay area schools. Mark Zuckerberg has been extremely generous and plans to donate at least half of his worth of $29.7 billion. Zuckerberg is trying to make internet to all people even people in third- world countries

Importance of Distance Education in India Free Essays

Importance of Distance Education in India Asif Ahmed After independence, India had made tremendous progress in the field of education, though mostly quantitative in nature. Earlier, education was available only to the elites in society, and a large majority of poor and marginalized people remained illiterate. Political considerations have an important role in the expansion of higher education, especially at the state level. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Distance Education in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now The state government experienced tremendous pressure from the public to establish more and more colleges and universities. In a democratic society, even the strong governments find it very difficult to resist such pressures and are compelled to succumb to the same. These considerations have led to fast expansion of higher education in our country, which in turn, have adverse impact upon its quality. Therefore, in order to insure access and education of a reasonably good quality,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   we must think of some alternative system capable of supplementing the role of conventional system, and distance education is one of such alternatives. The distance education mode was adopted by many universities to meet the ever-growing demand of those students who lacked means to pursue higher education through the regular stream. Also, there were economic constraints. Consequently, many universities in India in various regions started correspondence courses or programs by providing notes, developing a system of evaluation of response sheets. The success of these courses led to the establishment of Indira Gandhi National Open University, which is now rated as one of the best distance courses university in the world. Due to limitations of the formal system of education, policy makers were attracted towards non-conventional modes of education for providing non-residential studies like correspondence courses. The Distance Education mode, in which it is not necessary to bring all the students together to listen to the face-to-face lectures, was considered worthwhile. However in distance education system, the provision of occasional meetings between the teachers and the student is made. These meetings are popularly known as Personal Contact Programmes (PCPs). The learners receive their study material through postal services for study at their home or workplace. The efforts of the students are supplemented by assignments, which are checked and evaluated by the concerned subject experts. So, Correspondence education is a piece and part of open learning. Distance education system is also known by some other common names like Correspondence Courses, Correspondence Education, Distance Education and External or Private Appearance etc. This system of education is suitable for the persons who wanted to enhance their qualifications but were not in a position to attend classes on a regular basis. Such distance courses proved a boon for the service persons as well as others desirous of pursuing higher education. As a result, a large number of in-service persons, professionals, entrepreneurs, job-less youth, school teachers, housewives and old aged free persons made a beeline for admission to distance education study programmes. The term Distance Education received a formal recognition in 1982 when the four decades old International Council for Correspondence Education was renamed as the International Council for Distance Education. The old concept of distance education was exclusively associated with print material, while the new concept of distance education include supplementary material being used through non-print media, also such as radio, television, computers, laptops, Cd’s, through projectors, video lessons and satellites. These institutions may be called the dual mode institutions. Now at present, India has two types of distance education institutions. They are  Ã‚   1. Correspondence courses institutions. 2. Open Universities. Distance education gets overwhelming response in India, the universities introduced many new distance-education job oriented courses according to the changing times and students requirements. However, in this process, the actual motive of providing quality education to all took the backseat as the main focus of universities slowly shifted to making more and more money. Currently in India, the Distance Education departments are generating the maximum revenue for their universities, in many cases more than even the professional and self financing courses. The only thing to check here that the authorities of the universities running distance education courses should sharply ensure that these institutions of higher learning do not get reduced to degree distributing institutes. So universities and distance institutions higher authorities keep ensure that only quality education should be provided through distance learning programmes. In case of research based higher studies or some other professional courses being run through distance education, provisions should be made for the proper library, laboratory and required study related essential equipments and materials for the students in coordination with other related universities running similar programmes or located in the same region. It would rather be more appropriate if an inter-university body is set up by the UGC or The International Council for Distance Education of India coordinated by government educational related authorities to monitor and review the distance education programmes run by different universities and to ensure smooth progress of distance education. The correspondence courses institutions are offering more than 400 programmes in India, about 50 percent of which are professional in nature. The enrollment in these institutions is of the order of 9,00,000 in year 1999, which forms 11. 4 percent of the total enrollment in higher education in the country. An important point to be noted here is that the growth rate of enrollment in correspondence and distance education mode has been higher than that of higher education in general (Period,1990-2000,Source-UGC Reports). Distance Education makes it eminently possible to democratize higher education to provide access to high quality education to all, t o offer need-based academic programmes, to promote and reach quality education to the learner’s to their doorstep, and to set and maintain standards in higher education. Relaxed entry and exit regulation, self-appointed pace of study, flexibility in selection of courses, self-determined place of study and examination. Freedom to pursue one’s study at any other place simultaneously and cost effectiveness is the reason’s instrumental in making the experiment in distance education a success. The annual enrolment in Open Universities in our country has gone up from 2,00,939 to 3,50,000 in just three years, i. . , from 1995 to 1998. It is an increase of about 74 percent. Similarly the cumulative enrolment has almost doubled from 5,71,983 in 1995 to 10,50,000 in 1998. The world of technology is being reshaped by global trends such as convergence, increased bandwidth, enhanced multimedia capabilities, miniaturization, environmental variations, increase mobility, enhanced processing power, more powerful cognitive tools and reduced cost. These trends support transition across four generations in distance education models and associated delivery technologies: Correspondence Model (Print), Multimedia Model (Print; Audio-Video, Counselling sessions and continuous Evaluation Methods, TV / Radio Broadcast); Teleconferencing Model (One way video and Two way Audio teleconferencing, Interactive Phone-in-Radio Counselling) and Computer Aided Learning (Interactive Multimedia, Internet-Based Access better known as community Access Device to www resources) and new techniques of making of Video Lessons and provide and avail these to students in the form of Cd’s. So we can say that distance education mode has become very popular and common in India, because it is catering to a wide range of aspirants (students), who are willing to upgrade their educational qualifications for various reasons. The Distance education system provides opportunities not only to younger students but also to those from the older age groups. The main reasons for increasing interest in Distance education lies in the need for continuing education in today’s competitive world. Every people always try to add value to their competence in their bid to advance their carrier further. Distance Education is also very cheaper to compare with regular mode of education. Distance education has greatly reduced the wall of distance between education and a normal student beyond the long distance of home or work place to university. Now just a little need to increase the need to make it professional and employability part of education community. References Ambika Sharanjit Kaur (1996): Managing Distance Education, Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi. A. W. Khan. â€Å"Online distance learning: A model for development countries†. Keynote address delivered at the international conference EDUNET-99 on Internet and Education held at Chennai on December 16-17, 1999. D. Pulla Rao, Article â€Å"Development of Correspondence Education in India: An Appraisal†. Indian Journal of Adult Education, Vol. 67,No. 3-4, July-December 2006, pp. 59-64. Inayat Khan (1989): Distance Teaching, Amar Parkashan, New Delhi. J. C. Taylor, â€Å"Flexible delivery: Globalization of lifelong learning†. Indian Journal of Adult Education, Vol. 7,(1), July-December 2006, pp. 55-67. Prithipal Singh Kapoor, Article â€Å"Distance Education Needs Revamp†. The Tribune, Chandigarh. Saumitra Mohan and K D Prasad, Article â€Å"Distance Education: Insider’s Story†. Third Concept. July 2001, pp. 55-58. Sumit Dhawan, Article â€Å"Time to Review Distance Education†. The Tribune, Chandigarh, May 15, 2007 Venugopal Reddy, V and Manjulika, S(1996): Distance Education in India; A Model for Developing Countries, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. , New Delhi. Article- â€Å"Distance Education in  India†. Published in THIRD CONCEPT (An International Journal of Ideas, ISSN 09070-7247). November 2007 issue on page no 29-32. How to cite Importance of Distance Education in India, Essay examples

The History of Great War

World war one also known as the Great War took place between 1915 and 1918. It involved the major powers of Europe of that time (Henig, 2002). Its causes were as varied as the nations involved in the war. But it is widely believed that it was a battle for supremacy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Great War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Germans wanted to exert their authority in Europe but the British resisted them (Henig, 2002). The war had a major impact on what is known today as the western culture. It introduced a new perspective of war into Europe. War was widely regarded afterwards as undesirable. One of the most prominent lessons for humanity from the war was that war always wins (Fusell, 1975). The magnitude of destruction that this war left behind was enormous. To begin with, millions of soldiers were involved in this war. Several hundred thousands died in the war and other large nu mbers of soldiers were maimed. It has been argued that the lifespan of a British fighter pilot at the time was reduced to a couple of days (Chikering, Forster, Greiner, 2005). Civilians were not spared either. Many people who did not directly take part in the war often found themselves in the middle of heavy fighting. Empires collapsed and others almost collapsed. The war left a trail of destruction in Europe (Chikering, Forster, Greiner, 2005). There was no clear winner amongst humankind. It seemed like war had won because in more ways than one war had retained its destructive nature. The Great War turned out to be more expensive than earlier anticipated. The realization that war was causing more harm than good might have prompted the warring sides to seek peace. After the war, attempts to nurture long lasting peace were made. For instance, the League of Nations, a precursor of the current day United Nations was formed. This was a reaction to the realization that future wars would be more expensive and more destructive. The Great War also clearly brought out the irony of war (Fusell, 1975). War is a punishment for a wrong committed against a nation or a country yet it is also a wrong in itself. The nations which took part in this war wanted to punish their enemies.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A country would invade another country because it failed to sign a peace treaty with them or was friendly to an enemy state. A lot of innocent lives were lost during these invasions. Therefore, war became a punishment for a crime and a crime by and in itself. World war one was a dividing line between ideals of the warring nations. This war demonstrated the sadism and brutality of humankind. War may make soldiers impulsive and brutal. It is clear that in the Great War the enemy was always demonized giving rise to two sharply divided sides. In World War One it appears that the urge to fight was drawn from already established divisions. This division was similar in manner and character to the ‘us versus them’ ideals that characterized other previous and later wars. However, it has been observed that these ideals were not unique to world war one. It is human nature to put forth some divisions based on certain ideals. Therefore, world war one was just a reflection of human nature. The truth was largely hidden from the public during World War One. The purveyors of information did not want the public to find out how much the war had cost. This information would have encouraged public resistance of the war. Withholding information was a powerful tool of war. During the war, propaganda became an integral part of fighting the enemy. Each side wanted to be seen at home as the winner. What the public got to know was seriously controlled by the governments of the time. It was thought that sharing of casualty information freely would affect the numb er of recruits to the armies. The nations at war needed more military personnel owing to the heavy losses each had suffered. The Great War represented a pivotal point in the development of military technology. Before world war one military technology had developed at a slow rate. Nevertheless, by the time it begun military technology had become more lethal than before. There was an arms race between the warring sides to develop the best weapons at that time during the war. This prompted particularly the Great Britain and Germany to invest heavily on military development. By the time the war ended, tactics had shifted to reflect the new developments. For example, this war saw the introduction of war planes or fighter jets. The use of planes revolutionized the war. It conferred an enormous advantage over ground troops.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Great War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Early forms of chemical warfare began to emerge during the Great War. Poisonous gasses were developed and used to annihilate the enemy. There was also a contest for naval supremacy. The British and Germans battled at sea. Of particular importance are the design, construction, and use of submarines towards the end of the war. World war one also provided an opportunity to test new innovations. The war saw the emergence and the use of the machine gun. New developments in military technology brought old war tactics to an end. The war was largely fought in trenches because the available technology could not break the protection they offered. However, as hand grenades and tankers were developed, the trenches become vulnerable. In the trenches troops had been organized in groups of hundred individuals. However, with new realities troops were now organized in groups of ten troops each. This was a change that offered both tactical and operational advantage. World war one eventually spread to other parts of the world. The Great War had begun as a conflict between the powerful nations of Europe. But towards the middle of the war it had attracted many countries. At first it was confined to Europe. As time went by the geographic area in which it was fought expanded. It spread to Africa and Asia. Many of the colonies and protectorates joined the war. World war one began around 1914 and ended in the late 1918. It was mainly seen as a battle of supremacy between the powers of Europe. It later became a contest between the British and the Germans. The Great War was a dividing line between the powers. It showed that man is sadistic and brutal in nature. The soldiers often demonized the enemy. World war one accelerated the introduction of new military technology. By the time it ended new military machines and equipment like tankers, machine guns, grenades, planes, and submarines had been introduced. This war marked the beginning of attempts to seek long lasting peace.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Henig, B. (2002). The Origins of the First World War. London: Routledge. Fusell, P. (1975). The Great War and Modern Memory. Oxford: Oxford UP. Chikering, R., Forster, S., Greiner, B. (2005). A world at Total war: Global Conflict and  the Politics of Destruction. Cambrige: Cambridge UP. This essay on The History of Great War was written and submitted by user J0ey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Japans Genpei War, 1180 - 1185

Japan's Genpei War, 1180 - 1185 Date: 1180-1185 Location: Honshu and Kyushu, Japan Outcome: Minamoto clan prevails and almost wipes out Taira; Heian era ends and Kamakura shogunate begins The Genpei War (also romanized as Gempei War) in Japan was the first conflict between large samurai factions.  Although it happened nearly 1,000 years ago, people today still remember the names and accomplishments of some of the great warriors who fought in this civil war. Sometimes compared with Englands War of the Roses, the Genpei War featured two families fighting for power.  White was the clan color of the Minamoto, like the House of York, while the Taira used red like the Lancasters.  However, the Genpei War predated the Wars of the Roses by three hundred years.  In addition, the Minamoto and Taira were not fighting to take the throne of Japan; instead, each wanted to control the imperial succession. Lead-up to the War The Taira and Minamoto clans were rival powers behind the throne. They sought to control the emperors by having their own favorite candidates take the throne.  In the Hogen Disturbance of 1156 and the Heiji Disturbance of 1160, though, it was the Taira who came out on top.   Both families had daughters who had married into the imperial line.  However, after the Taira victories in the disturbances, Taira no Kiyomori became the Minister of State; as a result, he was able to ensure that his daughters three-year-old son became the next emperor in March of 1180.  It was the enthronement of little Emperor Antoku that led the Minamoto to revolt. War Breaks Out On May 5, 1180, Minamoto Yoritomo and his favored candidate for the throne, Prince Mochihito, sent out a call to war.  They rallied samurai families related to or allied with the Minamoto, as well as warrior monks from various Buddhist monasteries.  By June 15, Minister Kiyomori had issued a warrant for his arrest, so Prince Mochihito was forced to flee Kyoto and seek refuge in the monastery of Mii-dera.  With thousands of Taira troops marching toward the monastery, the prince and 300 Minamoto warriors raced south toward Nara, where additional warrior monks would reinforce them. The exhausted prince had to stop to rest, however, so the Minamoto forces took refuge with the monks at the easily defensible monastery of Byodo-in.  They hoped that monks from Nara would arrive to reinforce them before the Taira army did.  Just in case, however, they tore the planks from the only bridge across the river to Byodo-in. At first light the next day, June 20, the Taira army marched quietly up to Byodo-in, hidden by thick fog.  The Minamoto suddenly heard the Taira war-cry  and replied with their own.  A fierce battle followed, with monks and samurai firing arrows through the mist at one another.  Soldiers from the Tairas allies, the Ashikaga, forded the river and pressed the attack.  Prince Mochihito tried to escape to Nara in the chaos, but the Taira caught up with him and executed him.  The Nara monks marching toward Byodo-in heard that they were too late to help the Minamoto, and turned back.  Minamoto Yorimasa, meanwhile, committed the first classical seppuku in history, writing a death poem on his war-fan, and then cutting open his own abdomen. It seemed that the Minamoto revolt and thus the Genpei War had come to an abrupt end.  In vengeance, the Taira sacked and burned the monasteries that had offered aid to the Minamoto, slaughtering thousands of monks and burning Kofuku-ji and Todai-ji in Nara to the ground. Yoritomo Takes Over The leadership of the Minamoto clan passed to the 33-year-old Minamoto no Yoritomo, who was living as a hostage in the home of a Taira-allied family.  Yoritomo soon learned that there was a bounty on his head.  He organized some local Minamoto allies, and escaped from the Taira, but lost most of his small army in the Battle of Ishibashiyama on September 14.  Yoritomo escaped with his life, fleeing into the woods with Taira pursuers close behind.   Yoritomo made it to the town of Kamakura, which was solidly Minamoto territory.  He called in reinforcements from all of the allied families in the area.  On November 9, 1180, at the so-called Battle of the Fujigawa (Fuji River), the Minamoto and allies faced an over-extended Taira army.  With poor leadership and long supply lines, the Taira decided to withdraw back to Kyoto without offering a fight.   A hilarious and likely exaggerated account of the events at Fujigawa in the Heiki Monogatari claims that a flock of water-fowl on the river marshes was started into flight in the middle of the night.  Hearing the thunder of their wings, the Taira soldiers panicked and fled, grabbing bows without arrows or taking their arrows but leaving their bows.  The record even claims that Taira troops were mounting tethered animals and whipping them up so that they galloped round and round the post to which they were tied. Whatever the true cause of the Taira retreat, there followed a two-year lull in the fighting.  Japan faced a series of droughts and floods that destroyed the rice and barley crops in 1180 and 1181.  Famine and disease ravaged the countryside; an estimated 100,000 died.  Many people blamed the Taira, who had slaughtered monks and burned down temples.  They believed that the Taira had brought down the wrath of the gods with their impious actions, and noted that Minamoto lands did not suffer as badly as those controlled by the Taira. Fighting began again in July of 1182, and the Minamoto had a new champion called Yoshinaka, a rough-hewn cousin of Yoritomos, but an excellent general.  As Minamoto Yoshinaka won skirmishes against the Taira  and considered marching on Kyoto, Yoritomo grew increasingly concerned about his cousins ambitions.  He sent an army against Yoshinaka in the spring of 1183, but the two sides managed to negotiate a settlement rather than fighting one another. Fortunately for them, the Taira were in disarray.  They had conscripted a huge army, marching forth on May 10, 1183, but were so disorganized that their food ran out just nine miles east of Kyoto.  The officers ordered the conscripts to plunder food as they passed from their own provinces, which were just recovering from the famine.  This prompted mass desertions. As they entered Minamoto territory, the Taira divided their army into two forces.  Minamoto Yoshinaka managed to lure the larger section into a narrow valley; at the Battle of Kurikara, according to the epics, Seventy thousand horsemen of the Taira perish[ed], buried in this one deep valley; the mountain streams ran with their blood... This would prove the turning point in the Genpei War. Minamoto In-Fighting Kyoto erupted in panic at the news of the Taira defeat in Kurikara.  On August 14, 1183, the Taira fled the capital.  They took along most of the imperial family, including the child emperor, and the crown jewels.  Three days later, Yoshinakas branch of the Minamoto army marched into Kyoto, accompanied by the former Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Yoritomo was nearly as panicked as the Taira were by his cousins triumphal march.  However, Yoshinaka soon earned the hatred of the citizens of Kyoto, allowing his troops to pillage and rob people regardless of their political affiliation.  In February of 1184, Yoshinaka heard that Yoritomos army was coming to the capital to expel him, led by another cousin, Yoritomos courtly younger brother Minamoto Yoshitsune.  Yoshitsunes men quickly dispatched Yoshinakas army.  Yoshinakas wife, the famous female samurai Tomoe Gozen, is said to have escaped after taking a head as a trophy.  Yoshinaka himself was beheaded while trying to escape on February 21, 1184. End of the War and Aftermath: What remained of the Taira loyalist army retreated into their heartland.  It took the Minamoto some time to mop them up.  Almost a year after Yoshitsune ousted his cousin from Kyoto, in February of 1185, the Minamoto seized the Taira fortress and make-shift capital at Yashima.   On March 24, 1185, the final major battle of the Genpei War took place.  It was a naval battle in the Shimonoseki Strait, a half-day fight called the Battle of Dan-no-ura. Minamoto no Yoshitsune commanded his clans fleet of 800 ships, while Taira no Munemori led the Taira fleet, 500 strong.  The Taira were more familiar with the tides and currents in the area, so initially were able to surround the larger Minamoto fleet and pin them down with long-range archery shots.  The fleets closed in for hand-to-hand combat, with samurai leaping aboard their opponents ships and fighting with long and short swords.  As the battle wore on, the turning tide forced the Taira ships up against the rocky coastline, pursued by the Minamoto fleet. When the tides of battle turned against them, so to speak, many of the Taira samurai jumped into the sea to drown rather than being killed by the Minamoto.  The seven-year-old Emperor Antoku and his grandmother also jumped in and perished.  Local people believe that small crabs that live in the Shimonoseki Strait are possessed by the ghosts of the Taira samurai; the crabs have a pattern on their shells that looks like a samurais face. After the Genpei War, Minamoto Yoritomo formed the first bakufu and ruled as Japans first shogun from his capital at Kamakura.  The Kamakura shogunate was the first of various bakufu that would rule the country until 1868  when the Meiji Restoration returned political power to the emperors. Ironically, within thirty years of the Minamoto victory in the Genpei War, political power would be usurped from them by regents (shikken) from the Hojo clan.  And who were they?  Well, the Hojo were a branch of the Taira family. Sources Arnn, Barbara L.  Local Legends of the Genpei War: Reflections of Medieval Japanese History, Asian Folklore Studies, 38:2 (1979), pp. 1-10. Conlan, Thomas.  The Nature of Warfare in Fourteenth-Century Japan: The Record of Nomoto Tomoyuki, Journal for Japanese Studies, 25:2 (1999), pp. 299-330. Hall, John W.  The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1990). Turnbull, Stephen.  The Samurai: A Military History, Oxford: Routledge (2013).

Boxes and Boxing

Boxes and Boxing Boxes and Boxing Boxes and Boxing By Mark Nichol Is there any connection between the word for a usually square or rectangular container and the name of the contact sport called the sweet science? The pugilistic sense of box may be related to the botanical one and therefore to the general sense of an object in which something is situated or enclosed, but no direct relationship has been traced. However, this post explains the etymological origin of the word in both senses and provides some definitions and usage examples. Box is ultimately from the word pyxos, the Greek name of the box tree, by way of the Latin term buxis. The wood of the box tree, also called boxwood, is used for making things- including, naturally, boxes. (The tree itself is used for hedges and topiary.) Now, however, a box can be made of virtually any material, and though most boxes consist of square or rectangular faces, they come in many shapes. By extension, the word has come to refer to seating compartments for spectators at a sports or performing-arts event, receptacles for mail (though mailbox may refer to both physical and electronic correspondence, and â€Å"letter box† is used in British English), a manually drawn or electronically produced square or rectangular space, or the defined space in which a batter stands while at bat during a game of baseball. (There is also a catcher’s box adjacent to the batter’s box, and the pitcher’s mound, from its origin as a boxed area, is still sometimes referred to as â€Å"the box.†) Box is also a verb meaning â€Å"place in a box,† the act of enclosing something in a box is boxing, and boxy is an adjective meaning â€Å"resembling a box.† In addition, many terms incorporate box as the first or second element in an open or closed compound (for example, â€Å"box office† and hatbox). Boxing Day, a holiday in the United Kingdom and various countries that were part of the British Empire, is said to stem from the tradition of giving boxes containing money or presents to servants and tradespeople on the day after Christmas (or near the holiday). But in the United States, the holiday is not observed and is little known; boxing is in American English solely a reference to the sport in which fists are used to strike or defend oneself from an opponent. The term derives from the verb box, which means â€Å"beat, strike, or thrash with one’s hands or fists.† Box itself can be a noun in this sense, though it is rarely used as such. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One Spelling15 Great Word GamesCapitalizing Titles of People and Groups

Discussion Of The Article About The Australopithecus Essay

Discussion Of The Article About The Australopithecus - Essay Example The essay "Discussion Of The Article About The Australopithecus" discusses the meaning of the term Australopithecus mean and the different historian aspects regarding the australopithecines. Australopithecus africanus seems to be the closest ancestor or relative to the Homo genus. It had unique features that were less primitive than A. Afarensis. It had a flat face, evidence of stronger chewing force, a bigger jaw, and great sexual dimorphism, which meant the males and females looked very different and had different sizes and weights. Their skeletal architecture suggests shifts related to environmental and dietary forces. The main differences between the anatomy of Australopithecines and Paranthropus were their jaws and chewing apparatus. Their diet meant they needed stronger jaws and bigger chewing and grinding teeth, which affected their cranial size and shape. They had cheekbones that jutted forward. They also had a relatively smaller body. Paranthropus robustus, found at the South African cave site of Kromdraai, in Swartkrans, and also the limestone cave of Drimolen, in South Africa, is about 1.8 - 1.5 mya; Paranthropus Boisei, excavated at the Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania and thought to be 2. - 1.3 mya; and Paranthropus aethiopicus, discovered in the Omo River valley in southern Ethiopia, and on the western shore of Lake Turkana in northern Kenya, estimated to be about 2.5 mya. There is also a jaw fragment from Baá ¸ ¥r el-GhazÄ l in Chad, and a Homo erectus specimen called ‘Turkana Boy’.

The Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act of 1966 Research Paper

The Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act of 1966 - Research Paper Example However, history shows that these drugs were once deemed to have social value. The Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act was established in 1966 in order to rehabilitate the drug addicts in three programs namely pretrial civil commitment, a death sentence to those convicted and voluntary (Musto, 1999). It was enacted when social construction of a drug had begun to shift from favorable to unfavorable; people utilized the pronounced the drug’s problematic physiological and psychological effects in order to control its use. Even though these concerns were beneficial, they are not the only reasons the controlled drugs are categorized within jurisdiction of the criminal justice system. Several factors including health concerns, economic, and political factors are still unknown by the public. Drugs were first utilized in the United States in the 1800. The first drug to be used was opium, which was very popular after the civil war. Cocaine was introduced in the 1880 and was used in health drinks by the Coca-Cola Company. Although, it was not a significant concern at the time with the dependency to cocaine, doctors grew a concern about the psychological effects including hallucination, depression, and psychoses. In 1906, morphine was discovered which was used for medicinal purposes prescribed by health practitioners as a pain reliever, while heroin was used to treat respiratory illness. Over the years, there has been increased awareness that these drugs have high potential for causing addiction. At the end of the 19th century, abuse of drugs such as opium and cocaine reached epidemic proportion, and the government began prohibiting their importation. The physicians were also required to label their medicines because they were no longer seen as harmless remedies for pains. The Federal Bureau of Narcotics was formed in 1930 by the Treasury Department headed by Harry Anslinger until 1962 (McWilliams, 1990). Under his tenure, the

The Relationship Between Nature and Architecture

The Relationship Between Nature and Architecture What has landscape architecture and industrialized society to learn from indigenous cultures and their symbiotic relationships with nature? ‘Despite nature’s many earlier warnings, the pollution and destruction of the natural environment has gone on, intensively and extensively, without awakening a sufficient reaction; it is only during the last century that any systematic effort has been made to determine what constitutes a balanced and self-renewing environment, containing all the ingredient’s necessary for man’s biological prosperity, social cooperation and spiritual stimulation.’ (Ian McHarg, Design With Nature) At the dawn of the twenty-first century it becomes clearer and clearer daily to scientists, environmentalists, and landscape architects alike, what massive climatic and ecological devastation has been caused by one-hundred-and-fifty years of human industrial activity. Mankind can no longer avert its eyes from environmental catastrophe by pretending that the science behind such doom-full asseverations is unsound, that the results are ambiguous, that the evidence is dubious. As these delusions are blown away by ever more certain evidence, there appear in their place the horrific spectre of rivers and oceans sated with pollution and filth, rainforests ravaged by deforestation, deserts extending at unnatural speeds, and   the atmosphere a toxic and noxious fog filled by the vast emissions of our industrial societies. In less than two centuries, man’s industrial and technological acceleration has brought him to the brink of environmental collapse. It is now evident to all but the most blinkered or obstinate governments that comprehensive action is needed urgently to prevent our follies from going past the environmental ‘tipping-point’ that we have neared and whereafter we risk permanent and irreparable devastation. There have been   myriad suggestions from environmentalists as to which solutions must be implemented to reverse this damage of the past two centuries; there have likewise been many summits, conferences and treaties convened to discuss these issues – the most recent major one being the Kyoto Agreement ratified by all countries except the United States. This essay however examines what landscape architects and conservationists may learn from the relationship with nature and the environment known by indigenous peoples for tens of thousands of years. It looks, in particular, at what may be understood from the ‘ways of life’ of the Bushmen of the Kalahari in Botswana and Namibia in particular, and also the aborigine peoples of Australia, the indigenous Indians of the Brazilian rainforest and the nomads of the Mongolian steppes. These peoples have lived in many instances, in a near perfectly harmonious and undisturbed relationship with nature for thousands of years in the case of the Kalahari Bushmen for over ten thousand years! The philosophies and mythologies of these peoples reveal how they understand and rejoice in the benevolence and fecundity of nature and the profound generosity of the gifts that she has continually bestowed upon them. Universally amongst these peoples there is an intense respect and gratefulness for nature and for what, in McHarg’s phrase, is the ‘glorious bounty’ that she provides. It seems almost too simple and too obvious to say that modern man, who has wreaked enormous damage in fifteen decades, might have a great deal to learn from peoples who lived without any such damage for more than one thousand decades!   In this essay’s analysis the term ‘symbiotic’ will be a key criteria of investigation; the notion of two organisms (man and nature) feeding from each other and using each other for mutual benefit. After a section of historical reflection where it glances at the seminal and pioneering ideas of Ian McHarg and J.B. Jackson, this essay goes on to explore how the knowledge of indigenous cultures about the environment might be fused with modern technology to create an ideal, sustainable and environmentally-friendly form of landscape design and city-planning. Moreover, the essay studies the notion of ‘collective consciousness’ amongst society as to the planet we inhabit and our collective responsibilities towards it. Throughout these last sections references are made to modern examples of the themes under discussion, as well as contemporary designers such as James Corner, Mark Treib and Sebastian Marot.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is vital for students of landscape architecture to know something of the genesis of the theory and practice of landscape architecture; this historical orientation informs the student as to how landscape architecture can be a medium through which the understanding of nature by indigenous peoples may be fused with the technological advances of our own societies to form and develop environmentally friendly and sustainable sites for the future. Within this history, perhaps no one’s ideas are more seminal than those of the father of the discipline: Ian McHarg.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before the 1970’s mankind did not possess a comprehensive or total understanding of his relationship with nature and his environment; his knowledge was splinted and fragmented and so unification of environmental theories and ideas was a very rare event. Moreover, no detailed and systematic philosophy of environmental design had yet been conceived. The creation of this philosophy fell, above all, to Ian McHarg. Lewis Mumford’s eloquently tells us of the significance of McHarg’s, the ‘inspired ecologist’, for environmental studies and landscape architecture. Mumford says:   ‘. . . his is a mind that not only looks at all nature and human activity from the external vantage point of ecology, but likewise sees the world from within, and a participant and as an actor, bringing to the cold dry colourless world of science the special contribution that differentiates the higher mammals, above all human beings, from all other animate things: vivid colo ur and passion, insatiable curiosity, and a genius for creativity’. McHarg’s work was vital because he showed that man must conceive of his environment as a totality and respond to that totality with a dedication and awakened consciousness yet unparalleled in human history. McHarg opened man’s eyes to the destructive capabilities and tendencies of man with respect to his environment; he showed ‘. . . the way in which modern technology, through its hasty and unthinking application of scientific knowledge or technical facility, has been defacing the environment and lowering its habitability.’ McHarg nurtured a nascent consciousness amongst environmentalists and academics as to the threat of pesticides, herbicides, green-house gases etc; and his epoch-making book Design With Nature established the fundamental principles of a philosophy of landscape architecture and city-design that is harmonious with nature and seeks to benefit from nature’s gen erous fruits without consuming them exhaustively. McHarg’s philosophy had and has a practical aspect and a tremendous efficacy upon environmental renewal if people are willing to implement its advice. This knowledge must ‘. . . be applied to actual environments, to caring for natural areas, like swamps, lakes and rivers, to choosing sites for further urban settlements, to re-establishing human norms and life-furthering in metropolitan conurbations’. McHarg imbued landscape design and city-planning with a distinctive and previously all-together lacking moral and ethical dimension, and swung round the aesthetic sensibilities of these disciplines to exalt and revere the principle of harmonious inter-action and inter-dependence with the environment. In Mumford’s words, again: ‘McHarg’s emphasis is not on either design or nature herself, but upon the preposition with, which implies human cooperation and biological partnership’. By this philo sophy a design is not imposed upon nature and does not therefore run the risk of being unsuccessful due to its incompatibility with the environment; but instead a design emerges out of the natural features of the landscape. By this approach, the meeting of design upon environment will be a natural and harmonious fit. To use a medical metaphor: the landscape will not reject the organ that is transplanted within it: the two are intimately joined. Perhaps, at bottom, there emerges out of the work and philosophy of McHarg, Jackson, Rachel Carson and all who have come after them, the conviction, that if done in the correct way and with the correct attitude, man can even ‘improve or ‘perfect’ nature by adding the element of himself to it.   For more than ten thousand years the Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert, a vast 500,000 kilometre square area of southern Africa, have lived a lifestyle that has changed nearly nothing for this entire period. The Kalahari Desert appears to the softened Western observer as a barren, inhospitable and intolerably difficult place to survive – yet alone live continually! But the Bushmen have not only lived here amongst the dunes, plains and brush for countless millennia, but they have prospered also. At the heart of this ancient way of living is the harmonious and balanced relationship that the tribes of the Kalahari share with the environment that supports them. This is a ‘symbiotic’ relationship where man takes what he needs from nature, but only enough, so that nature in return profits by being treated respectfully. A useful analogy is the one Courtlander makes between the shark and the little fish that clean it: the shark is cleaned by these fish as they remove its parasites and in return the fish are fed by the parasites of the shark. The relationship between the Bushmen and nature is similar: the Bushmen feed from nature’s bounty and then nature benefits also to the extent that she is treated respectfully. This relationship is symbolised in the abodes and dwelling places of the Bushmen: their huts are made of materials taken from the immediate environment: grass, wood, animal skin, earth. These products are all used with maximum efficiency so that nothing is wasted and nothing in nature is harmed; these features are elaborated in the sacred places of worship of the Bushmen (mounds, mountains, watering-holes) where these materials are used more extensively. Klaus has shown in his three-volume work The Sacred Rituals and Magical Practices of the Bushmen of the Kalahari the Bushmen’s celebration of nature by way of numerous religious rituals and magical practices. Other cultures that share an such an intimate and delicate relatio nship, and such a direct reflection of this the style of their dwelling places, include the aborigine peoples of Australia who live a very similar lifestyle to the bushmen and venerate Ayres rock as the acme of nature’s munificence – as has been well documented by Kama’eleiwiha in Native Land and Foreign Desires; also, the myriad indigenous tribes of the Amazon basin in South America as recorded by Davies in his Indigenous Tribes of Brazil; and the nomadic peoples of the Mongolian steppes. What then has the modern landscape architect to learn from the symbiotic relationship of indigenous peoples with nature? Landscape architects of 2005, often working on sites at the derelict fringes of society, on industrial waste-grounds, the edges of motorways, close to airports and so on are often forced to work with sites that are sated with pollution, toxins, scrap materials and waste products. The rejuvenation of sites as these by landscape architects must be in accordance with principles of sustainability and environmental balance. The Bushmen of the Kalahari, the aborigines of Australia and so on have, above all, a certain ‘control’ about the way they occupy and use their environment. The Bushmen will only kill as many animals as suffice to satisfy their hunger; by not hunting to excess the Bushmen ensure the stability of the livestock populations and the other species that depend upon them. The aborigines of Australia and the nomads of Mongolia are intimately awa re of the maximum amount that they can take from nature without forcing deprivation upon her; there is a ‘collective consciousness amongst these peoples as to their responsibility towards nature and as to what the relationship is between nature and society. For an aborigine or South American Indian to do damage to or pollute his environment is tantamount to an act of self-harm and self-destruction; and as such acts of mass pollution are undocumented amongst such peoples. Landscape architects must adopt a similar collective consciousness and try to emit this through their designs so that their audiences and users come to take up a similar consciousness. Landscape architects must also learn something of the ‘control’ exhibited by indigenous peoples towards the environments, and do this by building their landscape creations with the same centrality of control. This has been shown particularly by the work of Martha Schwartz in the United State and the Schouwburgplein in Rotterdam.   Instead of vast landfill sites that forever plant more toxins and pollutants in the soil, designs must embrace the technologies of recycling, bioengineering and so on. Notable examples of attempts as such design include the, the Evergreen Estate in Chicago, USA, the BMW building in Berlin, and, less well-known but perhaps most persuasively of all, in the Plaza de Paz in Bogota, Colombia. In each of these designs the materials used for construction are environmentally friendly and were produced in an environmentally friendly manner; the energy used by these places is clean and comes from renewable sources. Every aspect of these designs is intended to foster harmony and equilibrium between man and his environment, and to promote amongst users of these sites a deeper environmental consciousness that they might then extend to their families and colleagues and thus, eventually, force the governments who represent them to take up similar attitudes also. It is almost need less to say, that future opportunities for such design are endless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the final analysis, landscape architects of the twenty-first find that they have an immense amount to learn about their discipline from the ways of life and symbiotic relationship with nature that have been known and practised by indigenous and nomadic peoples for several millennia. A landscape architect might indeed conclude that buried within this intimate and intricate relationship with nature are the ideal principles with which to compensate the rapacious appetite for and consumption of the environment by modern industrial society. At the heart of the indigenous and nomadic attitude to nature are the concepts of ‘balance’ and ‘equilibrium’: it is by these principles that mankind may continue to enjoy the bountiful fruits of nature without exhausting her ability to produce them. It is this exhaustive, relentless and apparently inexorable ‘taking from nature’ by our economies and cultures without returning anything to nature that has distur bed the delicate balance cherished by indigenous and nomadic peoples. Nonetheless, it is impossible for our age to dispense with the sophisticated technologies and industries that we have developed and to return to a state of indigenous lifestyle; what is needed is to create an architectural philosophy of design that fuses the simplicity and balance of the indigenous relationship with nature, with the technological advances of our own age. The duty and responsibility of the twenty-first century landscape architect is to produce designs and structures that bring these two philosophies together. It is therefore essential that landscape architects work intimately with scientists, ecologists, botanists, businessmen and others so as to bring the greatest amount of environmental consideration and reflection to the development of a particular site or project. By convening all of the particular parties interested in a site in this way, a dialogue may be opened between them and therefore the greatest hope arises that action will be implemented to guarantee the environmental health of a site. It must always be in his mind that as the world races towards the environmental ‘tipping-point’ of no return, that this responsibility upon the landscape architect is a heavy one. The realization of such ambitious landscape architecture has begun with the works of James Corner, Sebastian Marot and Mark Treib. BIBLIOGRAPHY Academic Books, Journals Articles Bachelard, Gaston (1994) The Poetics of Space; Beacon Press, Boston. Casey, Edward (1993) Getting back into place towards a new understanding ofthe place world; Indiana University Press Courtlander, H. (1996). A Treasure of African Folklore. Marlowe Company, New York. Ed: Corney, James (1999) Recovering Landscape; Princetown Davies, P. (1971). The Indigenous Tribes of Brazil. Farenheit Press, Preston.   Heidegger, Martin (1977) Building/Dwelling/Thinking; New York, ed: Krell   Heizer, Michael (1999) Effigy Tumuli; New York, Harry N. Abrams Heizer, Michael (1997) Cities Natural Process; London New York, Routledge. Jackson. J.B. (1994) A Sense of Place, a Sense of Time; Yale. Kame’eleiwiha, L. (1992). Native Land and Foreign Desires. Frontham Books, Sydney London. Klaus, Walter. (1951). The Sacred Rituals and Magical Practices of the Bushmen of the Kalahari. Ford Books, Edinburgh. Ford Books. Mathur, Anuradha, da Cunha, Dilip (2001) Mississippi Floods: Designing aShifting Landscape; Yale Univ. Press McHarg, Ian L. (1971) Design with Nature; Doubleday/ Natural History Press Mumford,L. ‘Introduction’ in McHarg, M.L. (1971). Design With Nature. Doubleday, Natural History Press. Roy, Arundhati (1999) The Cost of Living; Flamingo Smithson, Robert (1996) The Collected Writings; California Press Ed: Swaffield, Simon (2002) Theory in Landscape Architecture A Reader; Univ. of Penn Press Weilacher, Udo (1996) Between Landscape, Architecture Land Art; Birkhaà ¼ser

Knowledge Management in the Pharmaceutical Industry Essay

The study of Knowledge Management is a process that has been researched for centuries by western philosophers and traditional theorists, however it is only until recently that knowledge management has been the main focus for many organisations. Many have said that it was the publishing of Karl Wiig’s, â€Å"knowledge management foundations† (1993), that sparked the huge interest in knowledge management and nearly two decades on KM is now considered as an essential tool for companies to improve their performance and adaptability. 1] Not only this but the concept of knowledge has been regarded as a businesses most precious asset and highly critical in keeping a firm competitive. [2] This study will look at the knowledge management of one of the most Knowledge intensive industries in the world, the pharmaceutical industry, looking at, comparing and criticising the different strategies that are used within the industry. The pharmaceutical industry is rapidly growing and rap idly evolving , with organisations constantly investing in their research and development departments for the development of new and valuable explicit information. In 2007 â‚ ¬6,525 million was spent on R+D in the UK for the pharmaceutical market, showing that firms invest large sums of money in this knowledge intensive industry. [3] Pharmacy as an enterprise system The Pharmaceutical Industry is sort of like a â€Å"community of practice† (CoP) where all the organisations share a common interest in medicine, working together to promote the acquisition and sharing of knowledge, with a common goal of providing the â€Å"best practice† for the public. [4] It is clear that the industry is heavily dependent on using IT in storing and accessing information. Since the introduction web 2. 0 there has been a rapid increase in the use of enterprise systems across the industry. An enterprise system allows for data to be identified, captured and embedded in software to be accessed by all organisations within the industry. [5] A clear example of this comes from a professional body called the department of health, this body stores explicit data on the internet in a PDF called the â€Å"green book†, this can be accessed by any member of the public, as well as any organisation. The book provides the latest information on vaccines and vaccination procedures for all vaccine preventable diseases. [6] Not only is the book accessible via the web but also a hard copy of the book has been distributed to immunisation health professionals around the country, making it very easy for any pharmacy to find the information it needs. What makes this store of information so reliable and valuable to organisations is that it updates itself with new editions from information shared between different pharmacists, adding new vaccines etc. This type of knowledge management system is effective for this industry and can be better explained using Dalkir’s knowledge management cycle: [7] As it shows, knowledge is captured by different organisations through the use of research and development, this knowledge is then assessed and shared with organisations and pharmacies all over the country via the use of the â€Å"green book†. Pharmacy’s then use this knowledge to purchase the right medicine and vaccinations to sell to the public. The update part of the life cycle comes in the introduction of new editions brining new information. There is a sense of a â€Å"mini community† within this management system, where the role of culture is valued quite highly as a knowledge sharing environment is created and designed so firms and organisations can share their information. [8] However one of the main drawbacks that comes with this knowledge management system is that it does hinder competitiveness. Larry Prusak (1996) said â€Å"The only thing that gives an organization a competitive edge – the only thing that is sustainable – is what it knows, how it uses what it knows, & how fast it can know something new! † [9] The introduction of the green book meant every pharmacy in Britain has access to the same information, making it difficult for organisations to get ahead in terms of knowledge. However it is important to note that pharmacy’s are not entirely profit orientated, but also aimed at providing the best possible medicine and vaccinations to the public. The General Pharmaceutical Council and its implications Continued professional development is vital in the pharmacy profession as it allows for individuals and organisations to reflect back on their practice and then create plans to upgrade and improve. There is a professional body dedicated entirely to this system called the General Pharmaceutical Council (GDP), [10] this body provides a particular framework for individuals and organisations to set targets based on their previous practices. The CDP offers a cycle for firms to reflect on their previous practices and then plan on ways to improve practices on the future based on experiences and knowledge they have acquired. Another aspect of the CDP is something called Continued Professional Development (CPD) [11] This is a set of standards that are universal to all companies in the industry and which they must all comply with. What makes this so effective is the CPD is applied to all pharmacists and failure to meet the standards would result in the pharmacy losing their registration. The CPD expects each pharmacist to make a minimum of 9 entries a year, based on the knowledge acquired to update their own practices. This is a huge incentive for all firms to get involved as failure to do so would result in losing their registration. Although this is a good strategy in attempting to engage organisations in learning, there is a key fundamental drawback. Although the system allows for storage of explicit data from each organisation, it does not allow for pharmacies to access information from other pharmacies therefore stopping any sharing of information or data. However it is clear there are other professional bodies available for this. The effect of IT The internet for many may have made the storage of knowledge much easier, however there is a negative associated with heavy reliance on IT. The effect may be that members from departments and organisations no longer need to confer with each other as the information can be taken from a directory from any enterprise system. This will reduce â€Å"face to face† conversations between specialists which spark new ideas resulting in a lack of new information coming in. The availability and easy access of knowledge will act as a disincentive for individuals to search for new information. Conclusion Knowledge management is now considered essential, with many agreeing the knowledge a business has is one of it’s most precious assets. Overall it is quite evident that the pharmaceutical industry is heavily reliant on the use of IT to process, store and share knowledge. The professional bodies mentioned above are only a few of the number of enterprise systems dedicated to allowing organisations to update their knowledge of the profession and maintain a high level of customer satisfaction. The use of a universal framework to engage pharmacists in assessing their own practices is an essential tool in making firms acknowledge their own level of knowledge as well as keeping them up to date with the most recent information. The fact that there is still competition and huge sums of money invested into R+D shows that all across the industry people are still challenging new ideas, however one thing is for certain, each organisation relies on each other for new information and knowledge in this ever changing industry.

Telemachus s Development Of The Odyssey - 1797 Words

Name: Instructor: Course: Date: The development of the character Telemachus in the Odyssey All through the major books of The Odyssey, it nearly seems as if Telemachus is the dominant character because his father s introduction does not emanate until when Telemachus experiences an arousal to his accountabilities. The reader observes his struggles and fights with those suitors who have occupied his father s fortress-palace and with the support of Athena; he lastly starts to take charge of the circumstances. Even though Telemachus certainly never fairly had a match with his father Odysseus in matters of humor, strength, swiftness, and other abilities right for a hero, he experiences a significant growth all through the text. However, The Odyssey is fundamentally a work regarding Odysseus; it is not possible to disregard the assistances Telemachus offers, most importantly in the winding up of The Odyssey. The person who reads is given an unusual intuition into the growth and development of Odysseus’ son by bestowing him as weary and powerless in the start, only to have him kill one of his oppressors in the conclusion and see his mother together with his father happily reunified (Lombardo 120). Telemachus at first affirms himself by calling a gathering of Ithaca s leaders to dissent the suitors exercises. Despite that he talks well at the gathering and owe a portion of the senior citizens, the main suitors (Antinous and Eurymachus) demonstrate no appreciation forShow MoreRelatedThe Odyssey - Telemachus Journey1219 Words   |  5 Pagesdoes a boy become a man? This rite of passage is explored in Robert Fagles translation of Homer s epic poem, The Odyssey. Odysseus (king of Ithaca) fought in the Trojan War for ten years and after the fall of Troy he spent the next ten years trying to get home. He left behind an infant son, Telemachus, and a devoted wife, Penelope. 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Five Ages of Man in Greek Mythology According to Hesiod

The classic Greek Five Ages of Man were first written down in an 8th century BCE poem written by a shepherd named Hesiod, who along with Homer was one of the earliest of Greek epic poets. He likely based his work on an unidentified older legend, possibly from Mesopotamia or Egypt. An Epic Inspiration According to Greek legend, Hesiod was a farmer from the Boeotian region of Greece who was out tending his sheep one day when he met the Nine Muses. The Nine Muses were the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne (Memory), divine beings who inspired creators of all kinds, including poets, speakers, and artists. By convention, the Muses were always invoked at the beginning of an epic poem. On this day, the Muses inspired Hesiod to write the 800-line epic poem called Works and Days. In it, Hesiod tells three myths: the story of Prometheus theft of fire, the tale of Pandora and her box of ills, and the five ages of man. The five ages of man is a Greek creation story that traces the lineage of mankind through five successive ages or races including the Golden Age, the Silver Age, the Bronze Age, the Age of Heroes, and the present (to Hesiod) Iron Age. The Golden Age The Golden Age was the mythical first period of man. The people of the Golden Age were formed by or for the Titan Cronus, whom the Romans called Saturn. Mortals lived like gods, never knowing sorrow or toil; when they died, it as if they were falling asleep. No one worked or grew unhappy. Spring never ended. It is even described as a period in which people aged backward. When they died, they became daimones  (a Greek word only later converted to demons) who roamed the earth. When Zeus overcame the Titans, the Golden Age ended. According to the poet Pindar (517–438 BCE), to the Greek mind gold has an allegorical significance, meaning the radiance of light, good fortune, blessedness, and all the fairest and the best. In Babylonia, gold was the metal of the sun. Silver and Bronze Ages During Hesiods Silver Age, the Olympian god Zeus was in charge. Zeus caused this generation of man to be created as vastly inferior to the gods in appearance and wisdom. He divided the year into four seasons. Man had to work—plant grain and seek shelter—but a child could play for 100 years before growing up. The people wouldnt honor the gods, so Zeus caused them to be destroyed. When they died, they became blessed spirits of the underworld. In Mesopotamia, silver was the metal of the moon. Silver is softer with a dimmer luster than gold. Hesiods Third Age was of bronze. Zeus created men from ash trees—a hard wood used in spears. The men of the Bronze Age were terrible and strong and warlike. Their armor and houses were made of bronze; and they did not eat bread, living mainly on meat. It was this generation of men that was destroyed by the flood in the days of Prometheus son Deucalion and Pyrrha. When the bronze men died, they went to the Underworld.  Copper (chalkos) and a component of bronze is the metal of Ishtar in Babylon. In Greek and older myths, bronze was connected to weapons, war, and warfare, and their armor and houses were made of bronze. The Age of Heroes and the Iron Age For the fourth age, Hesiod dropped the metallurgical metaphor and instead called it the Age of Heroes. The Age of Heroes was a historical period to Hesiod, referring to the Mycenaean age and the stories told by Hesiods fellow poet Homer. The Age of Heroes was a better and more just time when the men called Henitheoi were demigods, strong, brave, and heroic. many were destroyed by the great wars of Greek legend. After death, some went to the Underworld; others to the Islands of the Blessed ones. The fifth age was the Iron Age, Hesiods name for his own time, and in it, all modern men were created by Zeus as evil and selfish, burdened with weariness and sorrow. All manner of evils came into being during this age. Piety and other virtues disappeared and most of the gods who were left on Earth abandoned it. Hesiod predicted that Zeus would destroy this race some day. Iron is the hardest metal and the most troublesome to work, forged in fire and hammered. Hesiods Message The Five Ages of Man is a long passage of continuous degeneration, tracing the lives of men as descending from a state of primitive innocence to evil, with a single exception for the Age of Heroes. Some scholars have noted that Hesiod wove the mythic and the realistic together, creating a blended story based on an ancient tale that could be referenced and learned from. Sources: Fontenrose, Joseph. Work, Justice, and Hesiods Five Ages. Classical Philology 69.1 (1974): 1-16. Print.Ganz T. 1996. Early Greek Myth. Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore.Griffiths JG. 1956. Archaeology and Hesiods Five Ages. Journal of the History of Ideas 17(1):109–119.